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<title>Comparison microscope</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparison microscope</span></span>

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<p>A <b>comparison microscope</b> is a device used to analyze side-by-side specimens. It consists of two <a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopes</a> connected by an optical bridge, which results in a split view window enabling two separate objects to be viewed simultaneously. This avoids the observer having to rely on memory when comparing two objects under a conventional microscope.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>One of the first prototypes of a comparison microscope was developed in 1913 in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1929, using a comparison microscope adapted for forensic ballistics, Calvin Goddard and his partner Philip Gravelle were able to absolve the Chicago Police Department of participation in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Col._Calvin_H._Goddard">Col. Calvin H. Goddard</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Calvin_Hooker_Goddard" title="Calvin Hooker Goddard">Calvin Hooker Goddard</a></div>

<p>Philip O. Gravelle, a <a href="Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, developed a comparison microscope for use in the identification of fired <a href="Bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullets">bullets</a> and <a href="Casing_(ammunition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casing (ammunition)">cartridge cases</a> with the support and guidance of forensic ballistics pioneer Calvin Goddard. It was a significant advance in the science of <a href="Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a> identification in <a href="Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>. The firearm from which a bullet or cartridge case has been fired is identified by the comparison of the unique striae left on the bullet or cartridge case from the worn, machined metal of the <a href="Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a>, breach block, <a href="Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">extractor</a>, or <a href="Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">firing pin</a> in the <a href="Gun" title="Gun">gun</a>. It was Gravelle who mistrusted his memory. "As long as he could inspect only one bullet at a time with his microscope, and had to keep the picture of it in his memory until he placed the comparison bullet under the microscope, scientific precision could not be attained. He therefore developed the comparison microscope and Goddard made it work." Calvin Goddard perfected the comparison microscope and subsequently popularized its use.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sydney_Smith_(forensic_expert)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Smith (forensic expert)">Sir Sydney Smith</a> also appreciated the idea, emphasizing its importance in forensic science and firearms identification. He took the comparison microscope to <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and introduced it to the European scientists for firearms identification and other forensic science needs.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_comparison_microscope">Modern comparison microscope</h2></div>

<p>The modern instrument has many <a href="Optical" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical">optical</a>, <a href="Machine" title="Machine">mechanical</a> and <a href="Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> refinements, including <a href="Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> illumination, <a href="Video" title="Video">video</a> capabilities, digital imaging, automatic exposure for conventional photography, etc. Despite this evolution, however, the basic tools and techniques have remained unchanged which are to determine whether or not ammunition components were fired by a single <a href="Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a> based on unique and reproducible microscopic and class characteristics, or to reach a "no conclusion" result if insufficient marks are present.<sup id="cite_ref-dillon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dillon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since, ballistic identification has benefited from a long series of structural, scientific and technological advances, law enforcement agencies have established forensic laboratories and researchers have learned much more about how to match <a href="Bullet" title="Bullet">bullets</a> and <a href="Casing_(ammunition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casing (ammunition)">cartridge cases</a> to the guns used to fire them, and comparison microscopes have become more sophisticated. By the end of the 1980s, ballistic identification was an established sub-specialty of <a href="Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>.

</p><p>Visualization tools have also been developed to allow the firearms examiner to verify the degree of similarity between any two tool-marks in question. These are designed to simulate the operation of the comparison microscope but are capable of rendering a 2D view of the 3D surfaces in a manner similar to that of the conventional comparison microscope.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forensic_ballistics">Forensic ballistics</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a></div>

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<p>As with most firearms, the fired <a href="Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> components may acquire sufficient unique and reproducible microscopic marks to be identifiable as having been fired by a single firearm. Making these comparisons is correctly referred to as firearms identification, or sometimes called as "ballistics".

</p><p>Historically, and currently, this <a href="Forensic_ballistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic ballistics">forensic discipline</a> ultimately requires a microscopic side-by-side comparison of fired <a href="Bullet" title="Bullet">bullets</a> or <a href="Casing_(ammunition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casing (ammunition)">cartridge cases</a>, one pair at a time, by a forensic examiner to confirm or eliminate the two items as having been fired by a single firearm. For this purpose, the traditional tool of the firearms examiner has been what is often called the ballistics comparison microscope.

</p><p>The interior of a gun's barrel is machined to have grooves (called <a href="Rifling#Manufacture" title="Rifling">rifling</a>) that force the bullet to rotate as it travels along it. These grooves and their counterpart, called "lands" imprint groove and land impressions on the surface of the bullet. Together with these land and groove impressions, imperfections on the <a href="Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a> surface are incidentally transferred to the bullet's surface. Because these imperfections are randomly generated, during manufacture or due to use, they are unique to each barrel. These patterns or imperfections, therefore, amount to a "signature" that each barrel imprints on each of the bullets fired through it. It is this "signature" on the bullets imparted due to the unique imperfections on the barrel that enable the validation and identification of bullets as having originated from a particular gun. Comparison microscope is used to analyze the matching of the microscopic impressions found on the surface of bullets and casings.

</p><p>When a firearm or a bullet or cartridge case are recovered from a <a href="Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">crime scene</a>, forensic examiners compare the <a href="Ballistic_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic fingerprinting">ballistic fingerprint</a> of the recovered bullet or cartridge case with the ballistic fingerprint of a second bullet or cartridge case test-fired from the recovered firearm. If the ballistic fingerprint on the test-fired bullet or cartridge case matches the ballistic fingerprint on the recovered bullet or cartridge case, investigators know that the recovered bullet or cartridge case was also fired from the recovered gun. A confirmed link between a specific firearm and a bullet or cartridge case recovered from a crime scene constitutes a valuable lead, because investigators may be able to connect the firearm to a person, who may then become either a suspect or a source of information helpful to the investigation.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacco_and_Vanzetti_case">Sacco and Vanzetti case</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></div>

<p>Forensic innovator <a href="Calvin_Hooker_Goddard" title="Calvin Hooker Goddard">Calvin Goddard</a> offered ballistic identification evidence in 1921 to help secure <a href="Conviction" title="Conviction">convictions</a> of accused murderers and anarchists <a href="Nicola_Sacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicola Sacco">Nicola Sacco</a> and <a href="Bartolomeo_Vanzetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Vanzetti">Bartolomeo Vanzetti</a>. On April 8, 1927, Sacco and Vanzetti were finally sentenced to death in the <a href="Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">electric chair</a>. A worldwide outcry arose and Governor Alvin T. Fuller finally agreed to postpone the <a href="Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executions</a> and set up a committee to reconsider the case. By this time, firearms examination had improved considerably, and it was now known that a <a href="Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistol</a> could be traced by several different methods if both <a href="Bullet" title="Bullet">bullet</a> and <a href="Casing_(ammunition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casing (ammunition)">casing</a> were recovered from the scene. Automatic pistols could now be traced by unique markings of the rifling on the bullet, by <a href="Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">firing pin</a> indentations on the fired primer, or by unique ejector and <a href="Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">extractor</a> marks on the casing. The committee appointed to review the case used the services of <a href="Calvin_Hooker_Goddard" title="Calvin Hooker Goddard">Calvin Goddard</a> in 1927.

Goddard used Philip Gravelle's newly invented comparison microscope and helixometer, a hollow, lighted magnifier probe used to inspect <a href="Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrels</a>, to make an examination of Sacco's .32 Colt, the bullet that killed Berardelli, and the spent casings recovered from the scene of the crime. In the presence of one of the defense experts, he fired a bullet from Sacco's gun into a wad of cotton and then put the ejected casing on the comparison microscope next to casings found at the scene. Then he looked at them carefully. The first two casings from the robbery did not match Sacco's gun, but the third one did. Even the defense expert agreed that the two cartridges had been fired from the same gun. The second original defense expert also concurred. The committee upheld the convictions.

In October 1961, ballistics tests were run with improved technology using Sacco's Colt automatic. The results confirmed that the bullet that killed the victim, Berardelli in 1920 came from the same .32 Colt Auto taken from the pistol in Sacco's possession. Subsequent investigations in 1983 also supported Goddard's findings.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Valentine's_Day_massacre">St. Valentine's Day massacre</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="St._Valentine's_Day_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Valentine's Day Massacre">St. Valentine's Day Massacre</a></div>

<p>Colonel Goddard was the key forensic expert in solving the 1929 <a href="St._Valentine's_Day_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Valentine's Day Massacre">St. Valentine's Day Massacre</a> in which seven gangsters were killed by rival <a href="Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> <a href="Mobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobster">mobsters</a> dressed as <a href="Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago police</a> officers. It also led to the establishment of the United States' first independent criminological laboratory, which was located at <a href="Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> and headed by Goddard. At this new lab, <a href="Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a>, <a href="Fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerprinting">fingerprinting</a>, blood analysis and <a href="Trace_evidence" title="Trace evidence">trace evidence</a> were all brought under one roof.

In 1929, using a comparison microscope adapted for the ballistics comparison by his partner, Phillip Gravelle, Goddard used similar techniques to absolve the Chicago Police Department of participation in the <a href="St._Valentine's_Day_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Valentine's Day Massacre">St. Valentine's Day Massacre</a>. The case of Sacco and Vanzetti, which took place in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, is responsible for popularizing the use of the comparison microscope for bullet comparison. Forensic expert Calvin Goddard's conclusions were upheld when the evidence was re-examined in 1961.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89046350930&view=1up&seq=645">"A Double Microscope with One Eyepiece"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics Magazine</i>. <b>19</b>: 642. May 1913 – via HathiTrust.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jurgen Thorwald, <b>The Century of the Detective</b>, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dillon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dillon_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Dillon, Jr , Comparison Microscopy: The Origins of Firearms identification, A Practical Application of Forensic Science, Technology and Engineering to Case Linkage in Shooting Incidents Not Previously Related by Investigative personnel, BulletTRAX-3D, MatchPoint Plus and the Firearms Examiner, 2005.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musoptin.com/seibert_15368.html">Seibert Wetzlar Vergleichsmikroskop</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/images?hl=en&q=comparison%20microscopes&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi">Comparison microscopes </a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firearmsid.com">Virtual Comparison Microscope</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Association_of_Firearm_and_Tool_Mark_Examiners" title="Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners">Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners</a></li>

<li><a href="Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Laboratory_equipment100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Laboratory#Laboratory_equipment" title="Laboratory">Laboratory equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Heaters</li><li>Dryers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alcohol_burner" title="Alcohol burner">Alcohol burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Desiccator" title="Desiccator">Desiccator</a></li>

<li><a href="Heating_mantle" title="Heating mantle">Heating mantle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot_plate" title="Hot plate">Hot plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Meker%E2%80%93Fisher_burner" title="Meker–Fisher burner">Meker–Fisher burner</a></li>

<li>Striker</li>

<li><a href="Teclu_burner" title="Teclu burner">Teclu burner</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_water_bath" title="Laboratory water bath">Water bath</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_dry_box" title="Vacuum dry box">Vacuum dry box</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Mixers</li><li>Shakers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemostat" title="Chemostat">Chemostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Homogenizer" title="Homogenizer">Homogenizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid_whistle" title="Liquid whistle">Liquid whistle</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_stirrer" title="Magnetic stirrer">Magnetic stirrer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaker_(laboratory)" title="Shaker (laboratory)">Shaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonication" title="Sonication">Sonicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Static_mixer" title="Static mixer">Static mixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_rod" title="Glass rod">Stirring rod</a></li>

<li><a href="Vortex_mixer" title="Vortex mixer">Vortex mixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wash_bottle" title="Wash bottle">Wash bottle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Stands</li><li><a href="Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a> <br></li><li>Holders</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Beaker clamp</li>

<li><a href="Clamp_holder" title="Clamp holder">Clamp holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Tripod_(laboratory)" title="Tripod (laboratory)">Tripod</a></li>

<li><a href="Burette_clamp" title="Burette clamp">Burette clamp</a></li>

<li>Extension clamp</li>

<li>Flask clamp</li>

<li>Funnel support</li>

<li>Pinch clamp</li>

<li><a href="Retort_stand" title="Retort stand">Retort stand</a></li>

<li>Screw clamp</li>

<li><a href="Test_tube_holder" title="Test tube holder">Test tube holder</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_gauze" title="Wire gauze">Wire gauze</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_drying_rack" title="Laboratory drying rack">Lab drying rack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Containers <br></li><li>Storage</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_storage_dewar" title="Cryogenic storage dewar">Cryogenic storage dewar</a></li>

<li><a href="Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">Incubator</a></li>

<li><a href="Laminar_flow_cabinet" title="Laminar flow cabinet">Laminar flow cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Microplate" title="Microplate">Microtiter plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a></li>

<li><a href="Picotiter_plate" title="Picotiter plate">Picotiter plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li>

<li>Weighing boat</li>

<li>Weighing dish</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">Aspirator</a></li>

<li><a href="Autoclave" title="Autoclave">Autoclave</a></li>

<li>Balance brush</li>

<li><a href="Cork_borer" title="Cork borer">Cork borer</a></li>

<li><a href="Crucible" title="Crucible">Crucible</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filter paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Forceps" title="Forceps">Forceps</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_centrifuge" title="Laboratory centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li>

<li><a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipeclay_triangle" title="Pipeclay triangle">Pipeclay triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Splint_(laboratory_equipment)" title="Splint (laboratory equipment)">Splint</a></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_rubber_stopper" title="Laboratory rubber stopper">Stopper</a></li>

<li><a href="Scoopula" title="Scoopula">Scoopula</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatula" title="Spatula">Spatula</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_tube_brush" title="Test tube brush">Test tube brush</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_brush" title="Wire brush">Wire brush</a></li>

<li><a href="Inoculation_needle" title="Inoculation needle">Inoculation needle</a></li>

<li><a href="Inoculation_loop" title="Inoculation loop">Inoculation loop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Glassware100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">Glassware</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dean%E2%80%93Stark_apparatus" title="Dean–Stark apparatus">Dean–Stark</a></li>

<li><a href="Soxhlet_extractor" title="Soxhlet extractor">Soxhlet extractor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boston_round_(bottle)" title="Boston round (bottle)">Boston round</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Condenser_(laboratory)" title="Condenser (laboratory)">Condensers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cold_finger" title="Cold finger">Cold finger</a></li>

<li><a href="Liebig_condenser" title="Liebig condenser">Liebig</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evaporating_dish" title="Evaporating dish">Evaporating</a></li>

<li><a href="Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri</a></li>

<li><a href="Syracuse_dish" title="Syracuse dish">Syracuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Watch_glass" title="Watch glass">Watch glass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Laboratory_flask" title="Laboratory flask">Flasks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_flask" title="Büchner flask">Büchner</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_flask" title="Vacuum flask">Vacuum (Dewar)</a></li>

<li><a href="Erlenmeyer_flask" title="Erlenmeyer flask">Erlenmeyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernbach_flask" title="Fernbach flask">Fernbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Fleaker" title="Fleaker">Fleaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Florence_flask" title="Florence flask">Florence</a></li>

<li><a href="Retort" title="Retort">Retort</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-bottom_flask" title="Round-bottom flask">Round-bottom</a></li>

<li><a href="Schlenk_flask" title="Schlenk flask">Schlenk</a></li>

<li><a href="Volumetric_flask" title="Volumetric flask">Volumetric</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funnels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Büchner</a></li>

<li><a href="B%C3%BCchner_funnel" title="Büchner funnel">Hirsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Dropping_funnel" title="Dropping funnel">Dropping</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatory_funnel" title="Separatory funnel">Separatory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measuring devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burette" title="Burette">Burette</a></li>

<li><a href="Conical_measure" title="Conical measure">Conical measure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuvette" title="Cuvette">Cuvette</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_dropper" title="Eye dropper">Eye dropper</a></li>

<li><a href="Eudiometer" title="Eudiometer">Eudiometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduated_cylinder" title="Graduated cylinder">Graduated cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostwald_viscometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostwald viscometer">Ostwald viscometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pipette" title="Pipette">Pipette</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glass_tube" title="Glass tube">Tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drying_tube" title="Drying tube">Drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Cragie_tube" title="Cragie tube">Cragie</a></li>

<li><a href="NMR_tube" title="NMR tube">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thiele_tube" title="Thiele tube">Thiele</a></li>

<li><a href="Thistle_tube" title="Thistle tube">Thistle</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Beaker_(glassware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker (glassware)">Beaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_syringe" title="Gas syringe">Gas syringe</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analytical_chemistry100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AutoAnalyzer" title="AutoAnalyzer">AutoAnalyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="CHN_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="CHN analyzer">CHN analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Colorimeter_(chemistry)" title="Colorimeter (chemistry)">Colorimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductively_coupled_plasma" title="Inductively coupled plasma">Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatograph (GC)</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">Liquid chromatograph (LC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometer (MS)</a></li>

<li><a href="PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="PH_meter" title="PH meter">pH meter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microscopy" title="Microscopy">Microscopy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscope (TEM)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calorimeter" title="Calorimeter">Calorimeter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Differential_scanning_calorimetry" title="Differential scanning calorimetry">differential scanning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Melting-point_apparatus" title="Melting-point apparatus">Melting-point apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermometer" title="Thermometer">Thermometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermogravimetric_analysis" title="Thermogravimetric analysis">Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Analytical_balance" title="Analytical balance">Analytical balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Colony_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony counter">Colony counter</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_plater" title="Spiral plater">Spiral plater</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument</a></li>

<li><a href="Plate_reader" title="Plate reader">Plate reader</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electronics100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bench_power_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Bench power supply">Bench power supply</a>

<ul><li><a href="Current_source" title="Current source">Current source</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">Voltage source</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Function_generator" title="Function generator">Function generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Galvanostat" title="Galvanostat">Galvanostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulse_generator" title="Pulse generator">Pulse generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Potentiostat" title="Potentiostat">Potentiostat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ammeter" title="Ammeter">Ammeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_analyzer" title="Logic analyzer">Logic analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimeter" title="Multimeter">Multimeter</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_analyzer_(electrical)" title="Network analyzer (electrical)">Network analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscilloscope" title="Oscilloscope">Oscilloscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-domain_reflectometer" title="Time-domain reflectometer">Time-domain reflectometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transistor_tester" title="Transistor tester">Transistor tester</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">Voltmeter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Soldering_iron" title="Soldering iron">Soldering iron</a></li>

<li><a href="Tweezers" title="Tweezers">Tweezers</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire_stripper" title="Wire stripper">Wire stripper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alligator_clip" class="mw-redirect" title="Alligator clip">Alligator clip</a></li>

<li><a href="Test_probe" title="Test probe">Test probe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Safety100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Safety</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective<br>equipment (PPE)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Face_shield" title="Face shield">Face shield</a></li>

<li><a href="Respirator" title="Respirator">Respirator</a></li>

<li><a href="Apron" title="Apron">Rubber apron</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Safety shower</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eye and hand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glove" title="Glove">Acid-resistant gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_eyewash_and_safety_shower_station" title="Emergency eyewash and safety shower station">Eyewash station</a></li>

<li><a href="Glovebox" title="Glovebox">Glove box</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">Medical gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Nitrile gloves</a></li>

<li><a href="Glasses" title="Glasses">Safety glasses</a></li>

<li><a href="Goggles" title="Goggles">Safety goggles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biosafety_cabinet" title="Biosafety cabinet">Biosafety cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_blanket" title="Fire blanket">Fire blanket</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_cabinet" title="Safety cabinet">Safety cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Solvent_cabinet" title="Solvent cabinet">Solvent cabinet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Instruments_used_in_medical_laboratories" title="Instruments used in medical laboratories">Instruments used in medical laboratories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-31" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Comparison_microscope&oldid=1293149269">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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